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KU News: KU innovations selected for Rock Chalk Ready program; KLETC expands public safety training

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From the Office of Public Affairs | https://www.news.ku.edu

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KU innovations selected for Rock Chalk Ready program

LAWRENCE — The University of Kansas Center for Technology Commercialization has selected six promising faculty research projects for its inaugural Rock Chalk Ready program, a university-wide initiative designed to mature early-stage innovations and position them for commercialization success. Rock Chalk Ready is supported by a FORGE grant from the Kansas Department of Commerce.

KLETC expands public safety training with new site at KU Edwards Campus

OVERLAND PARK — The Kansas Law Enforcement Training Center (KLETC), a division of the University of Kansas, officially launched its new regional training location with an open house Aug. 15 at the KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park. The event celebrated a yearlong collaboration between KLETC and the KU Edwards Campus aimed at increasing access to high-quality law enforcement training in northeast Kansas.

KU researcher examines the ties between language and emotion

LAWRENCE — A new paper from a psychologist at the University of Kansas examines how language shapes our emotional experience of the world. Katie Hoemann, assistant professor of psychology at KU, recently published her findings in the peer-reviewed journal Communications Psychology.

Law scholar examines water law approaches around the world, analyzing how nations protect vital resource

LAWRENCE — A University of Kansas environmental law expert has written a chapter comparing water laws around the world as part of a book that examines how different legal systems handle environmental law. The ways in which nations protect their water, theories they use to support their legal approach, types of water they regulate, how they control pollution and other considerations all vary, according to Robin Kundis Craig, Robert A. Schroeder Distinguished Professor of Law at KU.

Full stories below.

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Contact: Danya Turkmani, Office of Research, [email protected]
6 KU innovations selected for Rock Chalk Ready program

LAWRENCE — The University of Kansas Center for Technology Commercialization (KUCTC) has selected six promising research projects for its inaugural Rock Chalk Ready program, a campuswide initiative designed to mature early-stage innovations and position them for commercialization success.

Supported by a FORGE grant from the Kansas Department of Commerce, Rock Chalk Ready reflects a collaborative One KU approach, inviting participation from innovators on KU’s Lawrence and Medical Center campuses. The program aims to de-risk technologies and business concepts by providing funding, guidance and connections to resources across KU’s innovation ecosystem.

“We were thrilled to see the enthusiastic response from our research community to the Rock Chalk Ready program,” said Cliff Michaels, director of KUCTC. “We expect these funds will help these innovators make meaningful advances over the next six to 12 months and remove some of the risks inherent in early-stage innovations.”

The program received 25 proposals from across the university, demonstrating strong interest and need for early-stage innovation support. A panel of internal and external experts reviewed proposals, with six ultimately selected for funding. Projects range from novel therapeutics and medical devices to industrial and agricultural innovations, highlighting the breadth of cutting-edge research happening at KU.

Funded Rock Chalk Ready projects:

Alan Allgeier – Technologies to Enhance Corn Oil Extraction During Ethanol Production. Allgeier is a professor of chemical & petroleum engineering.
Michael Hageman – Prodrug Formulations for Oral Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Hageman is the Valentino J. Stella Distinguished Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
Divya Kamath – A Novel Therapeutic for Multiple Sclerosis. Kamath is a research assistant professor of cancer biology.
Simon Patton – A Medical Device for Improved Hysterectomy Surgeries. Patton is a clinical assistant professor of obstetrics & gynecology.
Shyam Sathyamoorthi – Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents for Industrial Agricultural Use. Sathyamoorthi is an associate professor of medicinal chemistry.
Mark Shiflett – Novel Acids for Use in the Fuel and Detergent Industries. Shiflett is a Foundation Distinguished Professor of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering.

The Rock Chalk Ready program embodies a cross-campus partnership where KU Innovation Park, the KU Office of Economic Development and KUCTC all collaborated in securing the FORGE grant. KUMC’s research administration team is helping manage the initiative. The KU School of Business is also contributing by pairing business students with the selected teams to assist with market analysis and commercialization planning.

Innovators whose proposals were not selected received detailed feedback and encouragement to engage with other programs, such as KU Innovation Park’s SBIR/STTR Boot Camp or the Great Plains I-Corps Hub.

Rock Chalk Ready projects will continue through summer 2026.

Learn more about the FORGE grant and KU’s innovation ecosystem.

 

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KU spent $78.9 million across Kansas on research-related goods and services in FY23.

https://ku.edu/distinction

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Contact: George Taylor, Kansas Law Enforcement Training Center, 620-694-1447, [email protected]
KLETC expands public safety training with new site at KU Edwards Campus

OVERLAND PARK — The Kansas Law Enforcement Training Center (KLETC), a division of the University of Kansas, officially launched its new regional training location with an open house Aug. 15 at the KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park.

Law enforcement professionals from across Kansas toured newly renovated classrooms, tested updated technology and met KLETC staff now based at the Overland Park location. The event celebrated a yearlong collaboration between KLETC and the KU Edwards Campus aimed at increasing access to high-quality law enforcement training in northeast Kansas.

University of Kansas Provost and Executive Vice Chancellor Barbara Bichelmeyer attended the open house and praised the initiative’s alignment with KU’s statewide service mission.

“This really meets a need where more people can get quality training without having to spend a ton of money for travel, hotels and per diem when they can stay in their own area,” said Amy Osburn, assistant director of KLETC.

KLETC’s Information Technology department spent the last several months updating four classrooms with the same instructional tools found at the Yoder main campus, ensuring consistent learning experience across locations. The classrooms also received new desks, paint and carpeting to refresh the environment for incoming students.

“This is an exciting next step for KLETC,” said Darin Beck, vice provost of KLETC and director of police training for the state of Kansas. “It’s an investment in the future of law enforcement, and it’s an investment in the state of Kansas.”

KLETC staff based at the KU Edwards Campus include Osburn, Education Program Coordinator Thomas Hayselden and Jonathan Morris, associate director of KU’s Center for Public Safety Leadership (CPSL).

Continuing education classes will be taught out of the new classrooms at the KU Edwards Campus. The site will also host courses from CPSL, such as the Law Enforcement Leadership Academy – Command School. These programs are designed to support career advancement for officers and expand leadership capacity across Kansas law enforcement agencies.

Stuart Day, dean of the KU Edwards Campus and School of Professional Studies, said the new KLETC presence strengthens the campus’s role as a public service hub.

“The KU Edwards Campus is a critical partner with Overland Park, Johnson County, the K.C. metro and the state of Kansas,” Day said. “Having a stronger KLETC presence on campus brings new colleagues into the fold and enhances services to our constituencies. It also offers great opportunities for collaboration, for example, with the School of Social Welfare.”

KLETC now operates its main campus in Yoder and four regional training sites in Dodge City, Hays, Parsons and Overland Park, supporting its statewide commitment to quality, accessible law enforcement education.

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KU provides fire, rescue and law enforcement training across Kansas.

https://ku.edu/distinction

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Contact: Brendan Lynch, KU News Service, 785-864-8855, [email protected]
KU researcher examines the ties between language and emotion

LAWRENCE — A new paper from a psychologist at the University of Kansas examines how language shapes our emotional experience of the world. Katie Hoemann, assistant professor of psychology at KU, recently published her findings in the peer-reviewed journal Communications Psychology.

“We know from research that different languages have different vocabularies for emotion,” Hoemann said. “A lot of that research focuses on individual words — emotion vocabularies — or whether you can tell how good or bad someone feels from the language they use. What we haven’t looked at in depth is how we can see other aspects of people’s emotional experience beyond just which emotion they’re feeling or how good or bad they feel. What kinds of things are people paying attention to? What kinds of evaluations are they making about their environment? How do they see themselves situated with regard to the unfolding events?”

Hoemann’s co-authors include Yeasle Lee, Batja Mesquita, Èvelyne Dussault and Dirk Geeraerts, all from KU Leuven in Belgium; Simon Devylder from UiT, the Arctic University of Norway; and Lyle Ungar from the University of Pennsylvania.

Their paper surveyed existing research on language and emotion from a range of academic fields and suggests a framework for further study.

“It’s a set of proposals for the scientific community, a kind of synthesis across different areas of research,” Hoemann said. “A lot of the work we cite comes from psychology, linguistics and computer science. The idea is to take what we know about language as a system for scaffolding and communicating our experience and apply that to new directions in emotion science.”

Based on their deep dive into research on language and emotion, Hoemann and her colleagues propose a new paradigm for future investigations: distributing the experience of language and emotion into three aspects — “attention,” “construal” and “appraisal.”

“We wanted to structure it around three dimensions because it made sense to us,” Hoemann said. “The first is attention — what people are paying attention to. If I talk about the weather versus what I ate for lunch, that tells you what’s on my mind.”

The researchers define the second feature, construal, as “the conceptual vantage point which from events are viewed.”

“Construal is more about the perspective you take,” said the KU researcher. “If attention is what you’re looking at, construal is how you’re looking at it. Are you bringing something close, distancing yourself from it, speaking in the present or past tense, or referring to yourself in the second or third person?”

Last, the team of researchers said the experience of language and emotion should be assessed via “appraisal,” or the judging of events.

“Appraisals are the dimensional evaluations people make about their experience, especially how pleasant or unpleasant it is,” Hoemann said. “These are foundational to emotion theory and also present in language. They help us infer how people are experiencing themselves or their circumstances.”

Through study of these three facets, Hoemann and her co-authors argue a more productive understanding of language and emotion is possible.

“I don’t think anyone has a definitive answer to whether language reveals or creates our mindset,” Hoemann said. “It’s both. Language provisions us with a set of tools we can use, and those tools shape our attentional patterns over time. But we don’t just choose tools randomly. We use language in ways that help us affiliate with others and accomplish our goals.”

Hoemann has a research interest in emotions that defy easy description with language.

“There’s certainly a way in which having a word for a feeling makes it a kind of common currency,” she said. “But we can also recognize feelings that don’t have words. We might say, ‘Have you ever felt like this?’ and then describe a situation. Still, having a single word or phrase makes that much more efficient.”

Indeed, for years the KU researcher maintained a database of foreign words communicating “untranslatable emotions.”

“These are emotions that don’t have direct equivalents in English,” Hoemann said. “Of course that’s a limited perspective, because you could do that with any source and target language. People have written books cataloging invented words, historical emotion terms or culturally specific emotion vocabulary. The existence of those words shows how powerful labeling is in shaping how we talk about — and maybe how we experience — emotion.”

The authors use the term “meaning making” to describe how people construct their experiences of the world, including emotion.

“Meaning-making is about categorizing experience — taking in all the sensory and psychological information available and organizing it into something you can describe or recognize,” Hoemann said. “Our experiential space isn’t evenly distributed. Some experiences happen more frequently or tend to co-occur with certain features. These patterns act like magnets, pulling experiences into familiar categories.”

Hoemann joined KU’s social-psychology faculty a year ago, having previously studied anthropology and linguistics. She said her academic niche could be dubbed “emotional psychology.”

“Emotion and language are both social tools,” she said. “The work I do is mostly fundamental science about what emotion is, how to define and measure it, and what it can tell us about the human mind.”

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A study by global analytics firm Lightcast quantifies

KU’s annual statewide impact at $7.8 billion.

https://economicdevelopment.ku.edu/impact

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Contact: Mike Krings, KU News Service, 785-864-8860, [email protected]
Law scholar examines water law approaches around the world, analyzing how nations protect vital resource

LAWRENCE — Every nation on Earth relies on water. But how those nations access and protect their water varies widely. A University of Kansas environmental law expert has written a chapter comparing water law around the world as part of a book that examines how different legal systems handle environmental law.

Robin Kundis Craig, Robert A. Schroeder Distinguished Professor of Law at KU, wrote “Comparing approaches to water quality law,” a chapter in “Comparative Environmental Law,” edited by Tseming Yang of Santa Clara University, Anastasia Telesetsky of California Polytechnic State University and Sara Phillips of Chulalongkorn University in Thailand. Part of the Research Handbooks in Comparative Law Series, it was published by Edward Elgar Publishing.

The ways in which nations protect their water, theories they use to support their legal approach, types of water they regulate, how they control pollution and other considerations all vary, according to the KU Law researcher.

“In the transnational sense, the norm has always been protecting drinking water. Whatever else you do with water quality, protect the water you drink,” Craig said. “I went for categorizing the basic structural decisions nations make, like do they try to regulate ambient water quality, regulate pollution or do both, like we do here in the U.S.”

Throughout the chapter, Craig cites examples of nations that use a source-based approach, or those who regulate people, businesses and entities that pollute water, and examines subdivisions of water regulation such as what types of water nations regulate, like surface, groundwater or oceans. Similarly, the author examines different methods of enforcement and how nations hold violators accountable as well as the capacity needed to do so.

Craig’s chapter spans the globe, examining legal approaches in the European Union, China, India, pan-Central and South American nations, pan-African nations, Japan, Russia and Islamic regions. While there are unique approaches by nation and region, there are some universal principles.

Right to water

“We now have the human right to water, which is a United Nations policy. A lot of countries say they follow it, but how closely they do and how they apply it differs,” Craig said. “It’s a positive right, so someone has to be there to provide the right to you, and it’s been a little more difficult to implement than some negative rights, like the right to free speech, which holds that the government cannot take action against you for your speech.”

The author analyzes how international water law has trended toward a source-based permit regulation system in which a government determines who can access water at a source and how an ambient water protection approach is more difficult, requires more legal capacity and money to operate.

Comparative environmental law

Craig, who has written extensively on water law and is part of a team working to generate renewable energy, save water and conserve land across California, said the book is a good primer in comparative law and can be beneficial for policymakers or anyone interested in environmental law.

“If somebody is doing something different than you, it’s always worth asking if they are getting better results for less money — or if they are incorporating new values that we should factor into our law,” Craig said. “Or are they getting good results, but at a prohibitive cost? Plus, it’s always good in the law just to know what your options are. It can be a very pragmatic way to look at it, especially if a nation is at a point where they can change or need to change.”

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KU News Service

1450 Jayhawk Blvd.

Lawrence KS 66045

[email protected]

https://www.news.ku.edu

Erinn Barcomb-Peterson, director of news and media relations, [email protected]

Today’s News is a free service from the Office of Public Affairs

Just a Little Light: “But, Madam, Don’t You Wish You Could?”

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Dawn Phelps
Columnist

Many years ago, I made a visit to the home of an elderly man in another town for a painting lesson.  The man’s name was Mr. Nelson; he has since died.  During my visit, he told me a story that I have never forgotten.

He said a lady came to his home to look at his paintings.  As she looked at one of his outdoor scenes which included grasses by the roadside, the lady critically remarked, “I have never seen colors like that in the grass!”

The grasses in his paintings included golds, browns, reds, purples, and greens from his palette.  To the lady’s remark, Mr. Nelson said he replied, “But, Madam, don’t you wish you could?”  He said that he felt sorry that she was unable to “see” the colors and beauty.

Sometimes we too miss seeing “the colors” in our lives because of the many demands that take our time and energy. We may have taken life for granted and forgotten to appreciate the small beauties or pleasures that surround us.  

Mr. Nelson’s story about the colors in the grasses reminded me of the little trips I used to make with my mother in the fall.  During our outings, she admired the colors of the trees, shrubs, and particularly the colors of the grasses beside the highway.  

As we drove along, she would exclaim, “Look at the grasses!  Aren’t they beautiful?  Look at the golds, the purples, the oranges….”  Even though my mother has been gone for many years, each autumn I still think about how she saw “the special colors” in the grasses that many only see as ordinary.  

This past week my husband and I drove to Concordia to eat.  We took the old highway north from Miltonvale toward Ames, Kansas.  As we drove along, we were amazed at the colors in the fields and the many grasses beside the road.  Some we tall; some were short, but all beautiful.

The colors were outstanding.  Some grasses were 3-4 feet tall since the highway department had not done the final fall cutting.  There were oranges, golds, and browns, but the mauves, to me, were the most beautiful.  There were also some shorter white grasses at the base of the tall grasses, creating an extraordinary contrast.

The fields of bright yellow soybeans made a distinct contrast with the dull, brown fields of dried cornstalks.  And a large bright yellow field of soybeans next to a field of reddish-brown milo was breathtaking.  Even though I am not usually an autumn lover (since I dread winter that comes next), the colors this year have been wonderful! 

If you are unable to get out to see the autumn colors, then you may have to search a bit for different ways to brighten your life and add some “spice.”  Here are a few suggestions.   

Find a good book to read

Keep in touch with friends, family, or grandkids

Buy some yummy bright-colored fruits  

Try some dark chocolate

Listen to your favorite music

Prepare your favorite foods 

Spend time with those you love

Write your memories

Feed the birds and take time to watch them

Bake some goodies

Do something good for someone else

Watch a sunrise or sunset

Sit and enjoy the sunshine and a gentle breeze on a warm day

Grow a flower

Watch for pretty colors and scenes in nature as you travel

Life is a precious gift which can quickly be taken away.  So, use your time to see and do things you enjoy while you are here on this planet.  And look for pretty colors.  If you have not seen the colors that are along the highways, I challenge you to slow down a little and look a little harder.  

If you focus, you might discover some new colors.  And if you, like the lady in this story, are unable to “see the colors,” I say to you, like Mr. Nelson, “But, Madam or Sir, don’t you wish you could?” 

 

[email protected]

Lovina Shares the First Column She Penned

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Lovina’s Amish Kitchen
Lovina Eitcher,
Old Order Amish
Cook, Wife &
Mother of Eight

 

October 1st, 2002 (twenty-three years ago) I wrote my first column. I thought it would be interesting to all the new and old readers. My mother penned the Amish Cook column for eleven years. I was a teenager at home when she started writing. After her sudden death on September 17, 2002 is when I started writing. In 2014 the name was changed to Lovina’s Amish Kitchen. I want to thank everyone who has encouraged me to keep writing. It’s not always easy to find time. It was even more of a challenge when my children were young. Looking at the ages they all were when I wrote the first column is hard to believe this much time has gone by. At the time we had six children from ages 2 months to 8 years old. I was 31 and now our oldest is that age. I write all my columns in one subject notebooks and have used well over 30 tablets.  Rest in peace dear mother! You were not only my mother but my best friend. And now here is the column I wrote on October 1,2002….

I am nervous and not sure how to begin this letter. It is very difficult for me to take over this column. I will never be able to write like my mother did but I will try my best. Mother is resting in peace now, but, oh how we miss her! Life will never be the same without my parents. In less than two-and-a-half years we lost them both. I often think of what Mom would always say, “God makes no mistakes”. We must go on with life and accept the changes that God sends to us. I will always cherish the good memories of my parents. I hope my husband Joe and I can raise our children the way they raised us. 

My sisters Verena and Susan came home with us the day after Mom’s funeral and spent one-and-a- half weeks here. It was nice to be together during this sad time. The home place seems so lonely now. 

Church services were held here last Sunday and we’ll have them here again next time, the week after next. Mom was greatly missed at the services Sunday. Mom always made the coffee for us girls whenever we had church at our house. 

I am 31 years old and am the sixth of eight children. Joe and I were married on July 15,1993 and we have six children. Elizabeth is 8 and in second grade. Susan is 6 and in kindergarten. Verena is 4 and my little babysitter when the other two are in school. Benjamin is 3 years old, Loretta is 2 and baby Joseph is 2 months old. Benjamin and Loretta keep me on the go. They are so full of energy, but I am so thankful they are healthy. 

My husband Joe has worked in a furniture factory in town for six years. I keep busy just tending to the little ones and trying to keep up with the cleaning, cooking, ironing, laundry and all that goes with raising a family. There is a lot of work but I wouldn’t want it any other way. 

My sister Liz and her husband Levi have church services at their house this coming Sunday. My sisters Verena, Susan, Emma and I and all of our children spent the day there helping prepare for church. A huge laundry was done (including her curtains). Windows were cleaned and pumpkins, which she raised in her garden, were canned. It was comforting to all be together and talk about the many good memories we have of our parents. That’s all we have left now. 

I hope you enjoyed reading my first column. God Bless!

To enjoy more photos and content visit Lovina’s Amish Kitchen on Facebook

Garden Macaroni Salad 

1- 16 ounce package macaroni 

2 cucumbers, peeled and diced 

4 tomatoes, chopped 

1 onion, finely diced

4 stalks celery, diced

3 cups of fresh garden peas or (15 -ounce) can peas, drained

1 cup mayonnaise 

Salt and pepper to taste

In a large pot of salted boiling water, cook pasta until tender, rinse under cold water and drain. In a large bowl, combine pasta, cucumbers, tomatoes, onion, celery, peas and mayonnaise. Mix well until all vegetables are coated lightly with mayonnaise. Chill and serve. 

 

Lovina’s Amish Kitchen is written by Lovina Eicher, Old Order Amish writer, cook, wife, and mother of eight. Her three cookbooks, The Cherished Table, The Essential Amish Cookbook, and Amish Family Recipes, are available wherever books are sold. Readers can write to Eicher at Lovina’s Amish Kitchen, PO Box 234, Sturgis, MI 49091 (please include a self-addressed stamped envelope for a reply); or email [email protected] and your message will be passed on to her to read. She does not personally respond to emails.

 

Getting Ready to Plant Garlic This Fall

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Fall is the ideal time to plant garlic. If you want large, flavorful bulbs next summer, planting in early October gives garlic time to establish roots before the ground freezes. Later fall plantings are possible, but yields tend to drop off. Planting in spring almost always results in much smaller bulbs and reduced yields.

Choosing the Right Variety

Garlic comes in two main types:

  • Hardneck varieties are best suited for Kansas. They produce sturdier stalks, often large cloves, vivid paper skins on the cloves, and a wide range of flavors from mild to sharp. Many hardnecks also send up flowering stalks (“scapes”) in spring, which are tasty and useful in the kitchen.
  • Softneck varieties (such as Silverskin or Artichoke types) include the kinds you often find at the grocery store. They are less suited to our climate in Kansas and typically don’t form a scape.

Some hardnecks adapt especially well to cold winters and cool springs; others are more tolerant of milder winters. Your location and winter severity will affect which variety works best for you.

Planting in the Fall

Garlic thrives in well-drained, fertile soil, ideally a sandy loam with a pH between 6.3 and 6.8. Before planting, loosen the soil and mix in compost; add phosphorus if a soil test shows deficiency. Break bulbs into individual cloves just before planting, leaving the papery skins intact, and set them about two inches deep with the pointed end up. Space cloves roughly six inches apart, with 12 inches between rows—or closer in raised beds. Water thoroughly after planting and apply mulch such as straw or leaves in late fall to protect the cloves through winter.

 

Caring for Garlic Through Harvest

In spring, remove mulch once frost has passed so the soil can warm, then feed with compost or a balanced fertilizer. Keep the bed weed-free and evenly moist, as garlic has shallow roots and struggles in competition or drought. Hardneck varieties will send up scapes in late spring—clip them off to encourage larger bulbs.

Garlic is ready for harvest from late June to mid-July, when about half the leaves have yellowed. Stop watering once three or four leaves have died back. Loosen the bulbs gently with a fork, cure them in a shaded, airy spot for two to three weeks, then trim the roots and cut stems back to about an inch. Store in a cool, dry place with good air circulation; mesh or paper bags work well. Properly cured garlic can keep for months, with refrigerated storage extending usability into winter.

Check out K-State Extension Sedgwick County’s publication on Growing Garlic (https://www.sedgwick.k-state.edu/gardening-lawn-care/documents/Growing Garlic.pdf) for more information.

Now is the Perfect Time for Tree Planting

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Fall is the ideal time to plant new trees and shrubs. The soil is warm, so roots quickly establish, and air temperatures are cooler, allowing new plants to suffer less stress. Fall rains also help reduce the maintenance needed to help new trees become successful in the landscape.

If you are looking for recommendations on what new tree to plant this fall, check out some of our great resources for selecting the perfect tree:

·        Preferred Tree List For South Central Kansas

·        Drought Tolerant Trees For South Central Kansas

·        Conifer/Evergreen Trees For Kansas

·       Trees For Windbreaks In Kansas

Most all of the recommended trees listed in our publications will be planted in our Sedgwick County Extension Arboretum, surrounding our office. We’d invite you to visit these our over 325 trees this fall to help you in your tree selection. You can also learn about these trees and see year-round pictures of the trees growing in our Arboretum through our online, interactive Arboretum Map.

Once you’ve found your perfect tree, here are a few more resources to help you maximize the success of your new tree:

·        Directions For Planting A Tree

·        Watering Newly Planted Trees

·        Mulching For Trees

If you have any questions about trees, or any gardening topics, feel free to contact our free Garden Hotline. You can call us at (316)-660-0190, send an email to [email protected], or stop by in person with questions or a plant sample. Our Garden Hotline is staffed Monday-Friday, 9:00 am – 12:00 pm and 1:00-4:00 pm.