A mature shade tree like an oak can have around 200,000 leaves in a year. Those leaves fall off this time of year making for a lot of organic matter to deal with. Leaves are a great material for making compost to use in your garden! Making compost from organic materials as they become available is a very slow process. The process can be accelerated by making hot compost. Start with a 6- to 8-inch layer of “brown” materials such as straw, old mulch, or tree leaves. Add a 2- to 3-inch layer of “green” materials such as grass clippings, coffee grounds, weeds, kitchen waste, or freshly harvested plant material. Alternate brown and green layers until the pile is 3 to 5 feet high. If green materials are in short supply, add a small amount of commercial garden fertilizer (about 1 to 2 cups per square yard) or an inch or two of manure. The fertilizer or manure provides nutrients that allow microorganisms to build up in the compost pile to ensure decomposition. Water after each layer. Brown materials can be difficult to find at certain times of the year. Stockpile leaves bagged in the fall and add them to the compost pile as needed.
The top of the compost pile should be dish shaped, so it is slightly lower in the center than on the sides. This allows rainfall to soak into the pile instead of running off. In dry conditions, the pile should be soaked weekly so it stays moist. The compost pile eventually will reach 150 to 160°F before it begins to cool down. When this happens, it is time to turn the pile. Slice through the layers and turn the materials upside down. Move materials from the outside of the pile to the inside. After mixing, form the dish at the top and water. Let the pile heat up and cool down as before. Compost should be ready four to six months after the pile is started. Most gardeners keep two piles or divide the pile into two sections, using one side to accumulate new material and storing last year’s compost in the other.
As the compost pile progresses, check for signs the process is going well. The pile should shrink or sink in two to three weeks. If not, loosen it with a shovel or fork to aerate, adding moisture if compost is dry. A strong ammonia smell or other offensive odors may indicate overwatering or an imbalance in materials. Ammonia odors can occur when composting a lot of fresh, green plant material, especially grass clippings. After four to five weeks the inside of the pile should be hot. Push a wire or stick deep into the pile, pulling it out and touching it to check temperature. In three to four months, the pile should be about half its original height. Compost will be dark, moist, and crumbly and should smell like moldy leaves with a rich, earthy odor.







