Friday, January 16, 2026
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Anything New Under the Sun?

By
Steve Gilliland
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Even though I am a grandpa, I try hard not to look or act like the stereotypical, frumpy, old grandpa who thinks the world should function like it did when I was a kid, but allow me to digress a little in starting this week’s column.

I’m the oldest of five kids, and my nearest sibling in age is six years younger than me, so growing up, I had to learn to amuse myself, a skill sadly missing in many kids today. I’ll come clean here that I love my smart phone. I’m a FOX News junky, and enjoy surfing through FOX news or Facebook on my phone when sitting in front of TV in the evening or when waiting on my wife in a store parking lot, so I understand the draw. But When I was a kid and on-my-own, I learned to build hay forts in the “haymow,” shoot blackbirds along the creek with mom’s old .410 shotgun, and to catch crawdads under the bridge that crossed the creek in our pasture.

That bridge had metal sides that were three or four feet high and was built like a tank, but the huge, thick wooden planks that were the floor, were not fastened down and just laid in place, so there were big gaps between them. I learned I could lay on the planks looking through at the creek below, and catch crawdads with a long, forked willow stick. The water below was shallow and clear, and the crawdads would lay in the mud there. I’d cut the forked ends of the stick three or four inches long, and when I jabbed the forked end across an unsuspecting crawdad, they would flex enough to trap it between them like a clamp, and I could often raise the captured crawdad up through the planks, where I’d pull it out, toss it back and try again.

In the first chapter of Ecclesiastes 1 in the Bible, verse 9 says “What has been, will be again, what has been done, will be done again, there is nothing new under the sun.” Well guess what, speaking of crawdads, awhile back, the Kansas Dept. of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWPT) discovered a new crawdad species in Kansas. The Aquatic Nuisance Species Program and Ecological Services section of the KDWPT recently funded a university project focused on sampling Kansas lakes for invasive “crayfish,” (which is the politically correct name for the little buggers.) This study establishes processes that can be used to monitor both native and invasive crayfish in KS, something that has never been done before, and a process that some questioned the need for. During capturing efforts at McPherson State

Fishing Lake, the need for this process was validated early-on, as sampling found multiple Rusty Crayfish, an invasive species never before found in KS. Both males and females of various ages were found, indicating a reproducing population is established in McPherson State Fishing Lake. Rusty Crayfish are large aggressive crayfish known to attack the feet of unsuspecting swimmers, and outcompetes native fish and crayfish for forage that acts as important cover for select prey species.

Since Rusty Crayfish most likely arrived in Kansas as fishing bait, this a perfect place to remind everyone of the KS regulation regarding the use of live fishing bait here in our state. Quoting from the regulations, “Live baitfish, crayfish, leeches, amphibians and mussels, except for bluegill and green sunfish from non-designated aquatic nuisance waters, and baitfish, crayfish, leeches, amphibians and mussels from designated nuisance waters, may be caught and used as live bait only within the common drainage where caught.” In summary and in layman’s terms, this means, use wild bait ONLY where you catch it, DO NOT take it anywhere it couldn’t have gotten to on its own. This will help keep aquatic nuisance species like our “new” friend the Rusty Crayfish, from spreading to other KS waters… Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors.

Steve can be contacted by email at [email protected].

Gas well experience

By
Milo Yield
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Thayne Cozart
Milo Yield

This is an era when drilling new oil and gas wells in the U.S. is commonplace. New oil and gas deposits are being found, and successfully drilled into, in places formerly thought to have no fossil fuel deposits.

That fact prompted an old stingy farmer, named Ty Twad, to convince himself that he should drill an oil/gas well near his home for the sole purpose of finding a natural gas pocket that would about eliminate the cost for heating his home and his shop during the long cold winters. Ty even had a dream that suggested that he could drill a gas well and enjoy “cheap” home heating for the rest of his life.

So, he called up a nearby oil/gas well driller and got a firm cost per foot to drill the well. He wuz happy to note that he’d saved up enuf moolah to drill the well down to 4,000 feet.

But, then the driller called back and said that it would be a waste of time and money to drill an gas well next to Ty’s home because the experts had looked at all the geological data and determined that there wuz no oil or gas beneath Ty’s place.

But, ol’ Ty wuz so convinced that his dream had been correct that he told the driller, “Well, let’s give it a try anyway. I’ve got the money and you’ve got the drill. Let’s drill a hole and see whether or not there’s a gas pocket down there.

So, reluctantly, the driller arrived, set up his drill, and commenced drilling. When he reached 1,000 feet, he suggested to Ty that it might be wise to quit.

Ty responded, “Nope, keep on drilling. I’ve just got that feeling I’d best keep drilling.”

So, the driller kept drilling and got to 2,000 feet. Again, he said it looked futile and it’d save Ty money to call it quits.

But, Ty said, “Go deeper. I just know we’re gonna hit that gas pocket.”

So, the driller went to 3,000 feet with the same negative result — and the same answer from Ty.

But, when the drilling reached 4,000 feet with not even a sniff of natural gas, ol’ Ty finally gave in. “Quit drilling. I’ve ran out of money to go deeper. My gut instinct and my dream were clearly wrong,”

That’s when the driller asked, “Do you want to spend a bit more to plug the dry hole? It’s the law that it has to be plugged unless it’s in use.”

That’s when Ty had another idea. “Nope. Just leave it open. I’ll build me a new outdoor privy over it. At 4,000 feet it will never fill up. It won’t smell or draw flies either.”

So, after the driller left, Ty build himself a fancy new one-hole privy. He build it out of bricks. He even put a half-moon window in the door.

Looking satisfied with his handy-work, Ty decided to celebrate his new privy with an outdoors cookout with his neighbors.

After the neighbors had gathered for the party, Ty broke into the conversation and declared, “Listen up, folks. I’ve spent a pretty penny on this fancy new outhouse. So, now’s the time to break it in. I’ll be the first to use it.”

And, that’s what he did. He entered his new privy with a wave to the crowd, told the folks, “I ain’t used one of these old outhouses since I wuz a kid,” and then he shut the door,

The crowd outdoors waited … and they waited … and they waited. Soon, after about two minutes, they heard an alarmingly loud thump from inside Ty’s new outhouse.

Concerned, they opened the door and were shocked to see ol’ Ty lying unconscious on the floor of his new privy. He wuz breathing, but out of it.

Someone dragged Ty out of the privy. Someone else fetched a bucket of cold water, threw it into his face, and slapped him on the cheek.

Ol’ Ty spluttered, gasped, and blinked back to consciousness.

“What in the world happened in there?” his closest friend asked.

“Well, I recalled when I wuz a kid I always held my breath until I heard ‘it’ hit the water.”

***

I read recently that some supermarkets are experimenting with “digital pricing.” That means the price of each item is displayed digitally on the shelf by it. And, it means that prices can be changed instantly, so you might be reaching for a package of $10 hamburger and the price might change to $10.50 right before your eyes.

The stores are trying this to see if it improves profits. My guess it that it will increase customer dissatisfaction more then it will increase profits. It’s just another inconvenience of living in the digital age. I hope it never catches on.

***

My “Masked Bandit War” to preserve my sweet corn crop took a couple of notable turns this week. First, I caught my third raccoon in a live trap. But, then I caught a skunk. Uh, oh! It took a bit of ingenuity on my part, but I managed to handle that situation with a negligible residual skunk smell around the house.

***

Lost another near life-long friend last week at the age of 94. When we buried her, Charlene had more than 65 great-grandkids, more than 20 great-great grandkids, with five more on the way. Her life was a productive one, for sure. RIP.

***

Words of wisdom for the week: “Spend time with your elders. Not everything can be learned on Google.” Have a good ‘un.

Inside the FSA: What Kansas Farmers Need to Know Now

By
Guest Columnist
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Kansas Wheat

Contact: Marsha Boswell, [email protected]

For the audio version, visit kswheat.com.

Kansas wheat producers depend on USDA programs every year, but how those programs are delivered can make the difference between smooth support and frustrating delays. In Episode 316 of the Wheat’s On Your Mind podcast, Kansas FSA State Director David Schemm joins the show to explain what’s happening behind the scenes at the Farm Service Agency and how new efficiencies are being rolled out across the state.

 

This isn’t just a policy update. Schemm details how real structural changes, like regionalizing certain loan programs, have significantly reduced processing time for farm storage loans, freeing up local staff and reducing paperwork burdens for producers.

 

“We took that approximately 60 hours of employee time clear down to about 20 hours,” Schemm said, explaining how the switch to regional processing streamlined operations and helped county offices focus on core services. For Kansas wheat growers considering on-farm storage upgrades or grain handling improvements, this shift could make those investments more accessible and timely.

 

The podcast episode also addresses the challenges of staffing rural FSA offices, especially as many field offices operate with just one or two program technicians. Schemm outlines how internal restructuring and technology upgrades aim to relieve pressure on overextended staff while maintaining the same level of in-person service Kansas farmers expect.

 

The conversation digs into the evolving relationship between producers and USDA services. As a new generation of farmers begins managing operations, the demand for digital tools and remote access is growing.

 

“My son Clay is back on the farm, and he wants to do everything on his phone,” Schemm said. “That shift, younger producers wanting to engage differently, is why we’re modernizing how FSA serves farmers.” Kansas FSA is responding with more mobile-compatible options, streamlined sign-up processes and better integration with precision ag platforms, all designed to save time and improve access.

 

Farmers also get a clear rundown of often-overlooked FSA tools, including the Transition Incentives Program (TIP), beginning farmer loans and expanded uses for farm storage facility loans. These programs can support younger or expanding operations and are especially relevant in times of tight margins and increased interest rates.

 

Finally, the podcast explores the uncertain outlook for federal farm policy. With no formal farm bill yet in place, Kansas producers will want to pay close attention to how the so-called “Big Beautiful Bill” could impact reference prices, revenue protections and disaster assistance in the months ahead.

 

From policy to programs to practical efficiency, Episode 316 offers Kansas wheat producers a rare look at the inner workings of the agency that shapes much of their operational risk and financial support.

 

Listen to Episode 316 of Wheat’s On Your Mind or one of our other episodes at wheatsonyourmind.com or wherever you listen to podcasts.

Running and Knee Pain: Debunking the Myths with Science

By
Guest Columnist
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0

You’ve likely heard — maybe even from a medical professional — that “ is bad for your knees.” But robust scientific evidence, including X-rays, MRIs, population surveys and long-term data, tells a different story: recreational running doesn’t increase the risk of hip or knee osteoarthritis (OA). In fact, it may reduce it.

Debunking the Arthritis Myth

Despite popular belief, running isn’t a cause of OA. A 2017 meta-analysis in the Journal of Sports and Orthopaedic Physical Therapy found lower OA rates among recreational runners compared to sedentary individuals. More recently, Hartwell et al. (2024) surveyed 3,804 marathon runners and found no increased OA rates, even among those with decades of high-mileage training. Impressively, 94% reported no diagnosis of hip or knee OA, and many with more years and higher mileage reported less joint pain overall.

The Osteoarthritis Initiative, a longitudinal study of nearly 4,800 individuals over eight years, adds further support. Runners showed no structural progression or narrowing in joint imaging, even among those with pre-existing OA. Interestingly, runners who continued to run were more likely to experience resolution of knee pain than those who didn’t.

The Role of Metabolism in Joint Degeneration

OA is increasingly understood as a metabolic condition rather than a wear-and-tear issue. Risk factors like obesity, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol and insulin resistance, which are components of metabolic syndrome, can accelerate cartilage breakdown and raise the likelihood of requiring total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

A large Norwegian cohort study (HUNT data) linked to the Arthroplasty Register found those with metabolic syndrome were significantly more likely to undergo TKA, even when adjusting for lifestyle factors. Similarly, a 2025 case-control study found that 68% of OA patients who had TKA met criteria for metabolic syndrome — nearly double the rate of those who avoided surgery.

Why Running Helps

Recreational running addresses key metabolic stressors that contribute to OA. It reduces body fat and inflammation by lowering levels of harmful adipokines, which are hormones released by fat cells that promote cartilage damage. Running also boosts insulin sensitivity and helps regulate blood sugar, reducing the low-grade inflammation associated with metabolic syndrome.

From a mechanical perspective, running supports joint integrity. Cartilage thrives on cyclical loading, and running supplies the ideal stimulus to help it stay nourished. Maintaining a healthy weight is also crucial; every extra pound of body weight adds roughly four pounds of compressive force to the knee with each step. Strengthening muscles and building bone density through running improves joint stability, reducing the risk of deterioration.

Smart Training = Injury Prevention

Running injuries are more often linked to training mistakes than to running itself. Sudden mileage increases, lack of strength support or ignoring warning signs are common culprits.

To minimize risk:

· Progress gradually. Avoid large changes in running.

· Incorporate strength training, especially for the glutes, quads, hamstrings and core.

· Tune into your body. Soreness is normal, but sharp or persistent pain warrants rest or adjustment.

Bottom Line

Far from being a joint hazard, running can be a powerful protector, especially for those managing metabolic risk factors. It strengthens supportive structures, counters inflammation and may delay or prevent OA and even TKA. With thoughtful training, running can help preserve joint health for decades to come.

Matt Dewald is a physical therapist who holds a position as an associate professor in the University of South Dakotas Department of Physical Therapy. He also serves as director of the Sanford Health and USD Sports Physical Therapy Residency, where he treats runners. His research focuses on running injuries, and he serves as education chair of the Running Special Interest Group within the American Academy of Sports Physical Therapy. A dedicated runner himself, Matt starts most mornings on the move outdoors. Follow The Prairie Doc® at www.prairiedoc.orgPrairie Doc Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Threads. Programming includes On Call with the Prairie Doc®, a medical Q&A show (most Thursdays at 7pm streaming on Facebook), 2 podcasts, and a Radio program (on SDPB), providing health information based on science, built on trust.

Horticulture 2025 Newsletter No. 14

By
tammiehoeme
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0

1712 Claflin, 2021 Throckmorton Plant Science Center
Manhattan, KS 66506 (785) 532-6173
Access the Hort Newsletter online.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
K-State Garden Hour
Wednesday, August 6, 2025 Noon to 1:00 PM CST
Register here.
Join Dr. Cheryl Boyer, Professor and Extension Specialist, as she highlights research projects addressing horticultural specialty crops such as ornamentals, fruits and vegetables, and turfgrass.
Register for this free Zoom Webinar at: https://ksu.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_lXljvtedRu-pvfFA6Kzvxw#/registration

Welcome! You are invited to join a webinar: K-State Garden Hour Webinar Series. After registering, you will receive a confirmation email about joining the webinar.
ksu.zoom.us
Kansas Turf & Ornamentals Field Day
Thursday, August 7, 2025
Rocky Ford Turfgrass Research Center in Manhattan

This Field Day program is designed for all segments of the turf & ornamentals industry — lawn care, athletic fields, golf courses, sod farms, landscape, nursery, and grounds maintenance. Included on the program are research presentations, problem diagnosis, commercial exhibits, and equipment displays. There will be time to see current research, talk to the experts, and get the answers to your questions.

For more information and to register online, go to: www.kansasturfgrassfoundation.com

GARDEN TO-DO
Plan/Plant fall salad garden.
Divide iris if needed.
Do not fertilize the warm-season turfgrasses, buffalograss, zoysiagras and bermudagrass, past August 15. Doing so may increase the chances for winter damage.

Check mulch layers and add additional material if needed.
Transplant cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower to their final location.
Plant salad crops such as lettuce, radishes, spinach, turnips, mustard and other greens from mid-August to early September for a fall harvest.
Harvest vegetable crops on a regular basis for season long production

FRUIT
Fertilize Strawberries
Strawberries should be fertilized from now through mid-August to support fruit development next spring. Sunlight and warm temperatures from June through August promote runners and daughter plant development. As the daylight hours decrease and temperature begins lowering into September and October, fruit buds start to develop which is why this is the time to fertilize.

Nitrogen can be applied as part of a complete fertilizer (such as 12-12-12) at a rate of ¾ to 1 pound per 25 row feet. Alternatively, urea (46-0-0) can be applied at a rate of 1/4 to 1/3 pound per 25 row feet. Apply 1/2 inch of water after fertilizing to dissolve and move the nitrogen into the soil.

Harvesting Pears
Pears are typically ready for harvest from now through October. Pears left to ripen on the tree may develop a gritty texture. Harvesting at maturity but before peak ripeness along with a chilling period can bring out the sweet flavors.

When ready for harvest, pears change to a darker green color. Some varieties will have brown spots on the skin. These are the fruits’ “breathing pores” known as lenticels. On immature pears the lenticels are white or greenish-white. Mature fruit will develop a waxy coating and separates easily from the branch when twisted. There should also be a pear aroma at maturity.
To harvest, carefully lift the fruit at an angle and twist to remove. Avoid damaging the twig where it attaches as this could negatively impact fruit development next year. Refrigerate newly harvested pears at 31 to 50 degrees F for two days to several weeks depending on the variety. Remove pears from the cold storage and allow to sit at 60 to 65 degrees F for one to three weeks to finish ripening. Fruit may rot instead of ripening if conditions are too warm.

VEGETABLES
Still Time for Salad Garden
Radishes, spinach, turnips, mustard, lettuce and other leafy greens can be planted from mid-August to early September extending the harvest into fall. If planting in-ground, plant seeds slightly deeper than recommended for spring. This will give seeds access to slightly cooler soil that retains more moisture. Provide regular water until seeds germinate. Sprinkle a light layer of compost over the top of the seeds to prevent the soil from forming a crust.

An alternative way to grow a salad garden this fall is using a bag of potting media. Lay the bag flat and cut it open, on the long side, exposing the media as shown in the photo. Plant the seeds as recommended on the packet. Fertilizer may be necessary depending on the type of media used. Once planted, the salad garden bag should not be moved or the seeds will be displaced. Prior to planting, place the bag on a pallet or similar support, making it possible to move the planting as needed.

One benefit of growing fall greens in a potting media bag is the temperature of the media can be regulated by relocating the bag. This is particularly helpful during August and September when the heat can hinder germination and negatively affect flavor of certain cole crops. Due to the limited amount of soil, monitoring moisture is essential to crop success.

Harvesting Winter Squash
Spaghetti squash, butternut, acorn and hubbard are all examples of winter squash. Contrary to their summer squash relatives, such as zucchini, winter squash varieties should not be harvested until they have fully matured. Harvesting too soon will result in
produce that shrivels up and lacks flavor. Mature winter squash can be stored longer as well.

Mature winter squash will have a hard rind that cannot be easily sliced with your fingernail and the color will be deeper. To harvest, cut the squash away from the vine leaving about two inches of stem attached to the fruit. Handle the squash with care to
avoid damaging the rind. Any winter squash that has a damaged rind or is harvested without a stem attached will not store well and should be used soon after harvest.

Winter squash should be stored in a cool, dry area. For the best air flow and to prevent rot, store in a single layer and avoid allowing the fruit to touch.

FLOWERS
Hydrangea Blooms
If you are having trouble getting blooms from your established hydrangea plants there are several possibilities of why this is happening.

Bigleaf hydrangeas prefer light shade/filtered sun. Too much shade can hinder blooming. Too much sun can cause stress for the plant.

Pruning at the wrong time can remove buds for the next year and prevent blooming. This varies by species/cultivar so you need to know what type of hydrangea you are growing. Some cultivars develop buds on past season’s growth while others develop on new growth.

Well-drained soil is essential. Compacted soil can prevent the plants from receiving moisture even if you are providing enough water. Over and underwatering will impact flower development and plant health overall.

Too much nitrogen fertilizer will support leaf development but not flowers. Fertilizers with more phosphorus will support flower growth.

*** Winter temperature is commonly a problem with hydrangea blooms. If there is a cold snap and no snow insulating the plants along with inconsistent weather (unseasonably warm, followed by a freeze) the buds that developed in the fall can be damaged and this will impact the spring bloom. A late spring frost can also cause problems. If you think this is likely the problem, you can try wrapping the plants as we head into winter to provide some protection.

Your local extension agent can help diagnose further based on the historical weather data from your region.

PESTS
Description: Mimosa webworm larvae are about one-inch long and light green to gray/brown with five longitudinal stripes on the body. The adult moths are silver-grey and have small black spots on the wings.
Life Cycle: There are two generations of Mimosa webworm each year. The first-generation moths emerge in early June and lay eggs on the honeylocust leaves. Caterpillars can be seen from mid-June through early July. The second generation of moths appear in mid to late July to lay another round of eggs. The larvae from this generation feed from early to late August.
Damage: Though Mimosa webworms can defoliate trees, healthy, established trees tend not to suffer greatly. Damage is primarily aesthetic as the larvae create tight webs of silk around the leaflets. Foliage in the webs turns brown and is unsightly. Additionally, the silk hanging from the trees as the larvae lower to the ground is a nuisance.
Control: Chemical control is not typically necessary. Treatment is ineffective if applied this time of year when the webs and brown leaves are already present.
For more information about Mimosa webworm visit: KSRE Publication Mimosa Webworm

TURF
Kentucky Bluegrass Variety Selection for Cool-Season Lawns
Though Kentucky bluegrass is not as heat and drought tolerant as tall fescue and the warm-season grasses, it is commonly used in northeastern Kansas where there is sufficient annual rainfall. It is also grown under irrigation in northwestern Kansas where the higher elevation allows for cooler summer night temperatures.

Recommended cultivars for high-maintenance lawns and low maintenance lawns differ. High maintenance lawns are those that have irrigation to prevent stress and receive at least three fertilizer applications per year.

Lawns under a low-maintenance program may provide limited watering and fertilization.

Instead of the 4 to 5 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per year typical of high-maintenance turf, a low maintenance program would include 1 to 2 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per year. Obviously, a low input lawn will not be as attractive as a higher-input lawn, but you can expect the cultivars listed above to look fairly good in the spring and fall, while going dormant in the summer. A listing of both high-maintenance and low-maintenance cultivars can be found at the KSRE publication: Highest Rated Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars for Kansas.

Recommended Tall Fescue Cultivars
Though several cool-season grasses are grown in Kansas, tall fescue is considered the best adapted and is recommended for home lawns. The cultivar K-31 is the old standby and has been used for years. However, there are myriad newer cultivars with improved color, density and a finer leaf texture. Most of these newer varieties are very close to one another in quality.
We recommend a regional blend of tall fescue cultivars that are commonly available in local garden centers and hardware stores. National blends such as those in big box stores often don’t perform well in Kansas as they frequently contain cultivars that don’t tolerate our stressful Kansas conditions. Pay attention to the percent “Crop Seed” and “Weed Seed.” Anything over 0.01% of either of these is not recommended.

Though K-31 may still be a good choice for large, open areas where weeds and a lighter green color can be tolerated, the new cultivars will give better performance for those who desire a high-quality turf.

QUESTION of the WEEK
Any idea what is going on with these coneflower blooms?

This growth is called “Aster Yellows”. It is a disease which can infect a wide range of ornamentals, weeds and even some vegetables, but the aster family is a common host. The disease is spread by sucking insects that feed on the plant and then travel to various food sources. The disease can cause deformed blooms, chlorotic leaf tissue between veins, mottled leaves and flowers as well as stunted or irregular growth. In the photo on the right, you can see deformed blooms as well as discolored leaf tissue indicating aster yellows is the cause.

Another problem that can cause deformed blooms is the coneflower rosette mite. Symptoms of this problem can look similar to aster yellows, though aster yellows affects the entire plant. Rosette mite is focused on the bloom. The mites live and feed inside the developing bud depleting it of nutrients.

For either one of these issues, the best treatment is to remove and destroy the infected plant material. For aster yellows it is especially important that even the root system is destroyed to prevent the spread to other hosts.

Contributors:
Cynthia Domenghini, Horticulture Instructor
Raymond Cloyd, Horticultural Entomology/Integrated Pest Management Extension Specialist
Jack Fry, Turfgrass Science Extension Specialist

Division of Horticulture
1712 Claflin, 2021 Throckmorton
Manhattan, KS 66506
(785) 532-6173

For questions or further information, contact: [email protected] OR [email protected]
This newsletter is also available on the World Wide Web at:
http://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html

The web version includes color images that illustrate subjects discussed. To subscribe to this newsletter electronically, send an e-mail message to [email protected] or [email protected] listing your e-mail address in the message.
Brand names appearing in this newsletter are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.
K-State Research and Extension is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision or hearing disability, or a dietary restriction please contact Extension Horticulture at (785) 532-6173.

 

Cynthia Domenghini, Ph.D.
Instructor, Horticulture and Natural Resources
Kansas State University
[email protected]

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