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Researchers publish most thorough study yet of ‘smart,’ spitting archerfishes
LAWRENCE — Archerfishes are the anti-aircraft gunners of the aquatic world. The fishes are famed for their amazing ability to shoot down land-based insects midflight with highly accurate streams of water they project from their mouths. Yet, scientifically speaking, not enough really has been known about archerfish: What makes an archerfish? How many species are there? Now, a new paper appearing in the peer-reviewed journal Integrative Organismal Biology from researchers at the University of Kansas is the most thorough examination ever produced of the evolutionary history and anatomical variation of archerfishes, which are also known by the scientific name Toxotidae.
Multidisciplinary team of KU graduate students chosen as finalist in HUD competition
LAWRENCE — In fall 2021, a multidisciplinary team of University of Kansas graduate students created a proposal for an affordable housing development located in downtown Atlanta that was submitted for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Innovation in Affordable Housing Student Design and Planning Competition. The KU team is one of four finalists to compete for the competition’s top prize. The finalist teams will present their proposals April 13 online.
International legal scholar to discuss post-conflict federalism at KU lecture
LAWRENCE – International legal scholar Jens Woelk will discuss post-conflict federalism during the Casad Comparative Law Lecture at the University of Kansas School of Law. Woelk will present “Forced Together, Never Sustainable? Post-Conflict Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina” at 3:45 p.m. April 19 in 107 Green Hall. The public is welcome to attend the free lecture and reception that follows.
Full stories below.
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Contact: Brendan Lynch, KU News Service, 785-864-8855, [email protected], @BrendanMLynch
Researchers publish most thorough study yet of ‘smart,’ spitting archerfishes
LAWRENCE — Archerfishes are the anti-aircraft gunners of the aquatic world. The fishes are famed for their amazing ability to shoot down land-based insects midflight with highly accurate streams of water they project from their mouths.
Yet, scientifically speaking, not enough really has been known about archerfish: What makes an archerfish? How many species are there? What other fishes are closely related? What fishes did they descend from?
Now, a new paper appearing in the peer-reviewed journal Integrative Organismal Biology from researchers at the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum is the most thorough examination ever produced of the evolutionary history and anatomical variation of archerfishes, which are also known by the scientific name Toxotidae.
“Archerfishes are a small group of fishes that predominantly live in Southeast Asia and Australia and a lot of the regions in between,” said lead author Matthew Girard, a research affiliate with the KU Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum and a postdoctoral fellow in the Division of Fishes at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History. “Sometimes people think of archerfishes as a famous group because they can spit water out of their mouths, and they are often studied just because they’re pretty smart animals — they have to calculate for refraction, and they’re able to hit things that are on the wing as they’re flying overhead.”
Despite archerfishes’ renown among ichthyologists and aquarium enthusiasts, until now not much scholarly work has been performed on them.
“That’s really where our study comes in,” Girard said. “We looked at how these fishes are related and asked, ‘How did this amazing mechanism of allowing them to actually be able to spit come to evolve?’ We had some ideas of what other kinds of fishes they were related to, but for the first time we’ve generated a hypothesis of how all these species of archerfish are related to each other. We didn’t even really know if all of them could shoot. The studies that have looked at how they’re shooting or how smart they are, they’re generally using archerfish that are found in the aquarium trade — but there’s some rare ones out there, too. So, we were not only answering questions about how they’re related and how this shooting mechanism evolved, but can all of them even shoot in the first place, or is there variation in there? We did find that they all can shoot; they all at least have the structures in their mouth to be able to shoot, but there are differences among them.”
For the first time, the paper establishes an authoritative family tree of archerfishes, allowing researchers to trace through genetics and morphology how the spitting specialization may have evolved over time.
“There are other fish that eat insects and some that will jump out of water, but I would say there’s nothing really like this,” said co-author Leo Smith, associate curator at KU’s Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum. “There’s a potentially apocryphal story, which is that back in the mid-1800s in India, archerfishes would shoot out the colonizers’ cigarettes, just like if there was like a lightning bug. They would shoot them out and drive people crazy and that’s how the Western Europeans discovered the thing that was already there, that everybody there already knew about — but there are stories that they will spit out cigarettes.”
Girard sought tissue samples and specimens of archerfishes from institutions and natural history museums around the world — unheralded, often grueling work — and then analyzed their structures and genetics to better understand the group.
For instance, Girard, Smith and their co-authors found the oral structures of archerfishes support a blowpipe-mechanism hypothesis, but soft-tissue oral structures may also play a role in shooting.
“Just because other fish can move water, it’s not anything like this,” Smith said. “I equate it to, ‘I could put a trumpet in my mouth, and I suppose I could make noise come out of it, but not like Miles Davis.’ It’s like a fundamentally different thing, too, a really remarkable specialization for catching insects.”
Further, the research team determined archerfishes have a closely related “sister group” of fishes, called beach salmon — and found they, too, had “relevant shooting features in the oral cavity,” suggesting shooting water at prey could be what evolutionary biologists dub a co-opted or exapted trait.
“We think of adaptations like, for example, a sailfish that has this really beautiful sail on their dorsal fin — but a lot of fishes have dorsal fins and what they’ve done is kind of modify that dorsal fin to fit some other need,” Girard said. “If we look at the group that’s most closely related to archerfish, it’s already eating hard-body things. So, archerfish must have had all the structures that would allow that to happen, and all they had to do was kind of modify those to be able to shoot. So that’s what that co-option is — it’s really a nuance saying that the necessary parts were already there and all they did was modify a few things to allow this to happen.”
Girard and Smith’s co-authors on the new paper are M.P. Davis of St. Cloud State University; H.H. Tan of the National University of Singapore; D.J. Wedd of Charles Darwin University; P. Chakrabarty of Louisiana State University; W.B. Ludt of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; and A.P. Summers of the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories.
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Contact: Dan Rolf, School of Architecture & Design, 785-864-3027, [email protected], @ArcD_KU
Multidisciplinary team of KU graduate students chosen as finalist in HUD competition
LAWRENCE — The need for affordable housing has never been greater. Already a growing problem in many U.S. cities for over a decade, the price spikes and supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have brought the housing crisis to both metropolitan and rural areas across the country.
Finding solutions to a challenge as complicated and urgent as affordable housing takes an approach that is at once innovative and practical. In fall 2021, a multidisciplinary team of University of Kansas graduate students mobilized to combine efforts and expertise to develop actionable measures to combat the housing crisis.
Organized within Joe Colistra’s Architectural Investigations studio, the team – composed of School of Architecture & Design and College of Liberal Arts & Sciences graduate students – created a proposal for an affordable housing development located in downtown Atlanta that was submitted for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Innovation in Affordable Housing Student Design and Planning Competition.
Led by Colistra, professor of architecture, the team connected KU’s research infrastructure and the students’ respective disciplinary specializations into a collaborative framework to yield a design proposal with real-world impact. Working out of the School of Architecture & Design’s Downtown Lawrence Design Center, the students generated a proposal that identified evidence-based strategies that could improve both housing affordability and provide opportunities for the citizens the development would serve. Though a community-focused understanding of services, economic contexts and zoning considerations, the students located innovative methods to employ design, research and civic engagement towards creating a practical approach to affordable housing development.
In March, the students traveled to Atlanta to present their proposal – a $90.1 million urban redevelopment that includes mixed-use high rise, residential midrise and townhouse buildings. A panel of independent subject-matter-expert jurors selected the KU team as one of four finalists to compete for the competition’s top prize. The finalist teams will present their proposals April 13 online.
The Innovation in Affordable Housing Student Design and Planning Competition is an initiative from HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Now entering its ninth year, the competition invites teams of graduate students from multiple disciplines to submit plans in response to a real-life affordable housing design issue.
The KU team includes John Hardie, architecture, Wildwood, Missouri; Samara Lennox, architecture, Kansas City, Kansas; Karen Lewis, environmental assessment and Indigenous studies, Lawrence; Inbal Hazlett, urban planning, St. Joseph, Missouri; and Lizzie Overschmidt, architecture, St. Peters, Missouri.
The School of Architecture & Design’s Architectural Investigations studio is part of the architecture department’s Social Entrepreneurship final year option.
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Contact: Sydney Halas, School of Law, 785-864-2338, [email protected], @kulawschool
International legal scholar to discuss post-conflict federalism at KU lecture
LAWRENCE – International legal scholar Jens Woelk will discuss post-conflict federalism during the Casad Comparative Law Lecture at the University of Kansas School of Law.
Woelk will present “Forced Together, Never Sustainable? Post-Conflict Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina” at 3:45 p.m. April 19 in 107 Green Hall. The public is welcome to attend the free lecture and reception that follows.
Woelk is a professor of comparative constitutional law at the University of Trento, Italy, at the Faculty of Law and the interdisciplinary School of International Studies.
Andrew Torrance, associate dean of international and comparative law at KU Law, said Woelk’s timely lecture will provide vital legal perspective on geopolitical events.
“International law is a signal strength of the University of Kansas School of Law,” Torrance said. “A jewel in the crown of our international law program is the annual Casad Comparative Law Lecture, made possible by the generosity of retired law professor Robert C. Casad.”
Woelk earned his doctorate in legal sciences from the University of Regensburg in Germany and worked at Eurac Research in Bolzano/Bozen at the Institute for Comparative Federalism. Woelk has participated in various projects and missions in the Western Balkans as an expert for the European Union and the Council of Europe. Additionally, he has served as the senior international legal expert on European Union integration matters at the High Judicial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Woelk is an expert in comparative constitutional law and has research interests in federalism/regionalism, comparative constitutional law and European Union law, minority rights and the constitutional transformation processes in Southeast Europe.
The Casad lecture series is named in honor of Professor Emeritus Robert C. Casad, who was on the faculty of the KU School of Law from 1959 to 1997. Casad is internationally known for his scholarship in comparative civil procedure. The inaugural Casad lecture was held in 2008, featuring George Bermann of Columbia Law School. Most recently, Roberto Toniatti from the University of Trento lectured in 2019.
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