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KU News: Media coverage of hurricanes reinforces images of people of color as victims, study finds

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From the Office of Public Affairs | http://www.news.ku.edu

Headlines

Media coverage of hurricanes reinforces images of people of color as victims, study finds
LAWRENCE — A new study from a University of Kansas assistant professor of journalism shows newspaper images from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 continued patterns of presenting people of color as victims and white people as rescuers bringing order back to the chaos. While those presentations may not have been conscious decisions, they reflect patterns in journalism and cultural values, according to the study’s author.

KU announces new Emergency Management associate director
LAWRENCE — Matthew Matheis will join the University of Kansas as the new Emergency Management associate director beginning Oct. 17, leading KU’s multitiered emergency response system. He previously worked as the senior planner and exercise coordinator at Mid-America Regional Council in the Kansas City area, where he helped facilitate planning processes for regional emergency service plans, coordinated training exercises and developed strategies for risk management.

Full stories below.

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Contact: Mike Krings, KU News Service, 785-864-8860, [email protected], @MikeKrings
Media coverage of hurricanes reinforces images of people of color as victims, study finds
LAWRENCE — As Hurricane Ian made landfall, devastating parts of Florida, South Carolina and the Caribbean, readers saw media images of destruction, rescues and recovery. How images from such disasters are presented often cast people in certain roles. A new study from the University of Kansas shows newspaper images from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 continued patterns of presenting people of color as victims and white people as rescuers bringing order back to the chaos. While those presentations may not have been conscious or ill-intentioned decisions, they reflect patterns in journalism and cultural values, according to the study’s author.
Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Houston in 2017, and newspapers from across the country devoted extensive coverage to the disaster. Ever Josue Figueroa, assistant professor of journalism & mass communications at KU, watched the news like many others, but the Houston native noticed something about the presentation.
“I was watching the coverage and at the time was taking a course on visual communication. I thought, ‘I want to do something with what just happened,’” Figueroa said. “The main crux of this paper is using an approach for analyzing images called semiotics. Basically, the premise is the way we create and interpret visual images is drawn from things we understand and have seen before.”
For the study, Figueroa conducted a visual textual analysis of 106 front page images from Aug. 28, 2017, to Sept. 4, 2017. The results show media coverage presented people of color as displaced migrants, women as damsels in distress and white men as saviors and caretakers. The paper was published in the journal Critical Studies in Media Communication.
Analysis of the front-page images showed coverage fell into four main themes.
1. People in floodwaters
2. Shelters and salvation
3. Masculine heroes
4. Repair and maintenance of homes.
Among those themes, Figueroa noted that most photos of people in floodwaters were presented as people of color wading through the waters, attempting to escape the devastation. Those images are similar to common media photos of immigrants wading through the waters of the Rio Grande River to cross into the United States, Figueroa said. But while people were forced from their homes in both cases, they emphasized how people were moving toward rescue in the hurricane and toward a hopefully better life in terms of immigration.
The theme of shelter and salvation tended to show people of color receiving assistance from volunteers and shelter staff. White people in shelters were shown expressing grief or emotional trauma but not receiving material aid. Such images reinforce narratives of welfare and arguments about who is entitled to assistance and who abuses such aid, according to the KU researcher.
“Everyone in those shelters largely experienced the same things, but when we look at the coverage patterns, there was a clear, racialized component to them,” Figueroa said.
The masculine heroes theme was reflected in images of men, mostly white men, rescuing people, coming to the aid of victims and being in positions of authority, such as first responders or government officials. One image showed a white man carrying a woman of color in his arms through floodwaters as the woman carried an infant in her own arms. The repeated use of these types of images reinforces patriarchal gender hierarchy to readers, Figueroa said.
The final theme was presentation of people repairing their homes, cleaning up from damages or otherwise rebuilding and beginning recovery from the destruction. However, most people in such images were white homeowners. Houston is a very diverse city, but that was not necessarily reflected in how images were presented, the study found.
“Within those themes, I argue there were racialized and gendered ways of how people were presented,” Figueroa said. “That reifies who is depicted as a homeowner or who is presented as a victim. All of that reiterates ideas of who controls or owns land, who has self-agency or is dependent on others. It should be understood the news photos also tell a story, and over time, they can perpetuate harmful cultural narratives and stereotypes of marginalized people and communities.”
Figueroa emphasized that he was not blaming photographers for covering storms and recovery, nor first responders or government officials for helping people who need it. Rather, he said that such representations have happened for many years in American media and that they reflect our cultural values. Such racialized and gendered presentations, however, are not only a continuation of what we are familiar with as a nation, but likely result from normalized work routines in traditional journalism, he said. Journalists have long worked closely with government officials. That relationship results in media often seeking out police, fire departments and first responders as well as federal government agents working in response to situations such as natural disasters, similar to how embedded war correspondents regularly present news from the perspective of the officials they are closest to.
There are potential ways to address ingrained patterns, however, such as looking to the community response in such disasters, he said. Aligning with community members to find examples and present coverage of neighbors helping neighbors or covering civilian response could help dilute dominant themes. The idea of “solidarity journalism,” or covering the lived experiences of people most affected by issues such as natural disasters, labor strife or the pandemic, to name a few examples, could help address dominant themes of government response, economic effects and other presentations of such topics. Journalists should center news coverage from the perspective of people suffering from unjust conditions rather than center coverage from the perspective of authority figures, Figueroa said.
“The findings from this study suggest that people of color are still the spectacle and their displacement served as the underlying metaphor of Hurricane Harvey. Marginalized people are represented as victims whose lives were ruined by natural disasters and go on journeys to seek salvation from authoritative figures,” Figueroa wrote. “Marginalized groups should not be defined by their victimhood and instead should be given the opportunity to showcase their resilience and communal power. It is time for news media to provide a better representation of the communities they cover, one that is more truthful of the human experience during moments of crisis.”
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Refollow @KUNews for KU News Service stories, discoveries and experts.


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Contact: James Druen, KU Public Safety, 785-864-5906, [email protected]
Matthew Matheis named new Emergency Management associate director
LAWRENCE — Matthew Matheis will join the University of Kansas as the new Emergency Management associate director beginning Oct. 17.
Matheis brings seven years of experience across the fields of public health, health care preparedness and emergency management to the position. He previously worked as the senior planner and exercise coordinator at Mid-America Regional Council, a nonprofit organization in the Kansas City area, where he helped facilitate planning processes for regional emergency service plans, coordinated training exercises and developed strategies for risk management.
He also served as an operations officer in the emergency management department at the Unified Government of Wyandotte County and Kansas City, where he helped develop procedures and guides for emergency events. He has also worked as a preparedness training manager and maintains a number of professional certifications, including certification as an emergency manager.
Matheis is a KU alumnus, earning a Master of Public Administration after earning a Bachelor of Arts in Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs. His seasoned background in project management, continuity planning and threat and hazard identification provide him with the extensive skillset necessary to lead KU’s emergency management efforts.
The Emergency Management associate director maintains KU’s response guide to emergency preparedness issues, coordinates training programs, conducts drills and assists departments with emergency and mitigation plans.
“We are excited to welcome Matthew as KU’s Emergency Management associate director,” said Nelson Mosley, chief of police and director of KU Public Safety. “He brings a wealth of knowledge and experience in the emergency management field, which will be beneficial to the University of Kansas.”
Matheis will be instrumental in leading KU’s multitiered emergency response system and will serve as another resource that allows the Public Safety Office to help keep the KU community safer and more secure.

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KU News Service
1450 Jayhawk Blvd.
Lawrence KS 66045
Phone: 785-864-3256
Fax: 785-864-3339
[email protected]
http://www.news.ku.edu

Erinn Barcomb-Peterson, director of news and media relations, [email protected]

Today’s News is a free service from the Office of Public Affairs

Kids in crisis

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Guest Columnist
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It’s tempting to blame the pandemic for the dizzying rates of mental health concerns among American teens. We are all familiar with the impact Covid is having on our lives, and the disruption it continues to cause in the lives of young people. Kids witnessed vehement disagreements between neighbors, friends, and family over the decisions that had to be made in response to the pandemic, and felt the stress at home as parents faced economic and work changes, all without many of their usual support systems.

However, rates of mental illness among children and adolescents have been steadily rising throughout the last decade. In 2019, nearly 20% of deaths in the 10-24 age group were suicides and nearly 16% of high schoolers had made a suicide plan. Even back in 2019, more than one in three teens suffered persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness.

Covid may have thrown gasoline on this particular fire, but make no mistake, the fire was already burning.

Some groups have been disproportionately affected by this crisis, as with so many others. Risk is increased by factors that include, but are not limited to, gender, race, socioeconomic status, gender identity, sexual orientation, social supports, and family history.

I don’t think it has ever been easy to be a teenager. As the brain matures it starts to wrestle with a more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of the world, and of the self. Today’s teenagers face nearly inescapable social forces, from the carefully curated lives influencers display on social media, to anonymous bullying from strangers on the internet, to the always-on news cycle that shows them violence and disaster 24 hours a day. However, there is a lot more speculation on what is behind the rise in mental distress in our teens than there is actual science.

Fortunately, there is some research to guide us moving forward. As always, prevention is key. We can bring wellness initiatives to young people, so they can build skills to help them navigate difficult situations and manage challenging emotions. We can protect them from bullying and discrimination. Parents can attend to their own mental health and roll model healthy self care. We can fund our schools adequately to be the safety nets we expect them to be for our children and families.

Those who are already facing moderate or severe mental health issues, whether children, teens, or adults, need treatment. Access to that treatment needs to improve, and we as a society need to reject the stigma around seeking those services. Mental health treatment is as essential as cancer treatment.

There is no quick fix for this challenge, but our youth need us to rise to meet it.

Debra Johnson, M.D. is part of The Prairie Doc® team of physicians and currently practices family medicine in Brookings, South Dakota. Follow The Prairie Doc® at www.prairiedoc.org and on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show providing health information based on science, built on trust for 21 Seasons, streaming live on Facebook most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.

Wheat Scoop: Did the drought stop the streak of WSMV? Don’t count the crop on it, K-State warns.

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Guest Columnist
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Kansas Wheat

Contact: Marsha Boswell, [email protected]

For audio version, visit kswheat.com.

Persistent drought after harvest and delayed planting could indicate a lower risk of Wheat Streak Mosiac Virus this year. Still, experts caution producers to continue monitoring and managing volunteer wheat as they plant this fall.

“Right now, we’re thinking that there is a slightly lower risk of wheat streak heading into fall planting. This is largely due to extended drought that has limited the emergence of volunteer, especially out west,” said Kelsey Andersen Onofre, K-State wheat and forage extension specialist. “But the caveat is that there are other hosts for curl mites out there in the landscape. Those mites find a way and they can surprise us.”

In 2021, WSMV was the third most significant disease to strike the Kansas wheat crop loss, according to the Kansas Cooperative Plant Disease Survey Report released in December 2021. Statewide, the estimated yield loss was 3.1%, equivalent to 11.6 million bushels — well above the average for the last five, 10 and 20 years. According to the report, “This was the highest yield loss due to this disease since 2017, when there was an estimated 5.6% loss, and 2006 prior to that (7% loss).” Losses were reported in six of the nine crop reporting districts but had high variability from the eastern to western sides of the state, with the highest losses in the central corridor at 8.3%.

The spike in disease pressure resulted from heavy germination of volunteer wheat in late summer and early fall 2020. The report noted, “This would have created a ‘green bridge’ upon which the wheat curl mite (the vector that transmits the virus) was able to survive between 2020 harvest and 2021 planting. It would have then been able to wreak havoc on the planted winter wheat crop.”

This year’s harvest had the opposite weather — it has been, and continues to be, very dry. As a result, Andersen Onofre explained she’s received mixed reports from across the state — it was too dry for volunteer wheat to emerge in northwest Kansas, some volunteer wheat in western Kansas is being fenced off to graze cattle, and volunteer wheat is only starting to emerge in other areas as producers are starting to plant.

Does that mean producers are off the hook for WSMV this year? Andersen Onofre warns growers not to be complacent in controlling volunteer wheat. Even in areas that did not have volunteer wheat emerge immediately after harvest, several other grassy species can play host to the wheat curl mites — Bermuda grass, barnyard grass, green foxtail, downy brome, rye brome, just to name a few.

“Curl mites can survive in grasses in ditches and along waterways, so we can’t say for sure there’s no risk,” said Andersen Onofre. “But volunteer wheat is the highest risk reservoir. Usually when we see big outbreaks of wheat streak, there’s some volunteer wheat nearby.”

Andersen Onofre also cautioned producers grazing cattle on volunteer wheat or who have fields neighboring grazing pastures to balance short-term forage needs with potential long-term impacts on next year’s harvest. For these producers, her first suggestion is to make sure to destroy the remaining volunteer ahead of planting wheat or entering a fallow period.

“The full life cycle of the mite takes about 10 days,” said Andersen Onofre. “Generally, we say you need at least two weeks of no host within two miles of where you’re going to be planting fall wheat. This two-week break in host is necessary for the curl mites to die off.”

Another suggestion for high-risk fields is to plant WSMV-resistant varieties like KS Dallas or PlainsGold Guardian. Still, she reminded producers that these varieties only protect against one of the viruses that cause WSMV and may not provide protection against high plains virus or Triticum mosaic virus. Additionally, these varieties have a resistance gene that is temperature sensitive, and “turns off” at high temperatures.

“We don’t have perfect resistance, but we do have varieties that can do better and make yield even if they’re in one of those high-risk situations,” she said.

For producers who have only recently had volunteer show up in fields within the past couple of weeks, Andersen Onofre is less worried. If the “green bridge” was disrupted in the drought-stricken period after harvest, there might not be enough mites to cause a severe infection via this fresh flush of volunteer. Additionally, later planting dates in cooler weather are less favorable for infection as mite populations are less active and reproducing less aggressively.

“There are just fewer mites in the landscape, so the cooler it gets at planting, the better off we are,” Andersen Onofre said. “But that still doesn’t stop things. If you plant right into a field of volunteer or right next to an infested field, there’s still a risk.”

Managing for WSMV doesn’t stop at planting. Producers should monitor for WSMV throughout the growing season. Sometimes producers can see fall symptoms of WSMV if the weather stays warm, but typically symptoms won’t show until the green-up period next April or May. Symptomatic leaves will display dark green coloring and light-yellow discolorations. Infected fields often will not head out well or will have low grain fill. Symptoms typically are more severe on the edge of a field and fan inward, indicating the source of mites and direction of wind. Andersen Onofre reminded producers that K-State’s diagnostic lab can test for WSMV and other wheat viruses in the fall or spring to determine the presence of the virus.

“If you are suspicious of some wheat and you’re seeing symptoms in the fall or early in the spring, you can always send us a sample,” she said. “We can verify for sure if it’s WSMV or not.”

Whether or not the drought and late planting dates will break the “green bridge,” the impact of WSMV won’t be fully realized until next summer. But even if the indicators point to lower risk this growing season, the recommended strategies to combat this virus stay the same.

“There are some mixed signals, so stay vigilant,” said Andersen Onofre said. “The best thing we can do is to make those decisions before planting — control our volunteer wheat, watch our planting dates, and choose varieties that have some type of resistance. But none of those tools are perfect on their own; they all have some limitations.”

Learn more about how to stop the streak of WSMV, even in a drought year, at https://kswheat.com/wheatstreak.
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Written by Julia Debes for Kansas Wheat

 

To Maintain a Healthy Lawn, Aerate.

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Guest Columnist
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For an existing lawn in our area one of the first thing I will recommend to maintain a healthy lawn is to aerate. Clay soils and soils compacted from heavy use may benefit from aeration. Core aerating machines remove small plugs of soil and leave small holes in the ground that allow for better water, air and root penetration. Aerate in the spring or fall, or both, depending on soil compaction or clay content of the soil. In the spring, aerate before applying crabgrass preventers. In the fall it is best to aerate before overseeding. You can rent an aerator from a local nursery or rental agency or hire a professional.

Cores of soil brought to the surface during aeration should be left on the lawn. As they disintegrate, they fall back into the holes and help with decomposition of thatch

 

Horticulture 2022 Newsletter No. 40

By
Ward Upham
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https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html

Blog Post: http://www.ksuhortnewsletter.org

Video of the Week: How to Test Your Soil for Nutrients
https://kansashealthyyards.org/all-videos/video/how-to-test-your-soil-for-nutrients

EVENTS
Kansas Forest Service Tree, Shrub Seedling Sale, September 1 – October 15
https://www.kansasforests.org/conservation_trees/

K-State Garden Hour
https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/consumer-horticulture/garden-hour/

Kansas Turf & Landscape Conference
The 72nd Annual Kansas Turf & Landscape Conference will be held on Wednesday, November 30 and Thursday, December 1 at the Hilton Garden Inn, Manhattan. The conference is an excellent way to learn about turf and landscape management, visit with old friends, network with new ones, and see all the latest products and supplies from local and national vendors.
The conference has been approved for commercial pesticide recertification hours:
1 Core hour
3A – 7 hours
3B – 7hours
GCSAA education points and International Society of Arboriculture CEUS will also be available by attending the conference.
For more information, go to https://www.kansasturfgrassfoundation.com/

REMINDERS
• Add organic matter to vegetable garden this fall.
• Bring houseplants in if you haven’t already.
• Dig sweet potatoes

WOODY PLANTS
Is It a Maple or an Oak?
Sometimes people are unsure on how to tell the difference between a maple and an oak. The easiest way is to look at how the leaves are arranged on the stem. Maples are opposite leaved and oaks are alternate. Opposite leaved plants such as maples and ash have leaves directly across from one another. Alternate leaved plants have leaves alternating up the stem; one on one side and the next, further up the stem, on the other. (Ward Upham)

Pruning Trees and Shrubs in the Fall
Pruning in August can stimulate new growth that is less hardy during the winter. But what about pruning at this time of year? Woody plants move sugars and other materials from the leaves to storage places in the woody portions of the plant just prior to leaf fall and we would like to maximize those stored energy reserves. Even pruning later in the fall can cause a problem by reducing the cold hardiness of woody plants. Dr. Rich Marini at Penn State Extension has written , “Based on everything that has been published we can conclude that woody plants do not attain maximum cold hardiness when they are pruned in the fall. Trees are affected more by heavy pruning than light pruning.” However, this does not mean that woody plants pruned in the fall will necessarily suffer winter damage. In most cases, I think we can get away with the old adage of “prune whenever your pruners are sharp.” However, damage can occur if we have a sharp drop in temperature before plants are completely hardened off. Also, marginally hardy plants are more susceptible to winter damage, especially if pruned in the fall. Though light pruning and removal of dead wood are fine this time of year, you may want to delay severe pruning until spring.
Consider pruning to be “light” if 10% of less of the plant is removed. Dead wood does not count in this calculation. Keep in mind that even light pruning of spring-blooming shrubs such as lilac and forsythia will reduce flowers for next year. We normally recommend that spring-bloomers be pruned after flowering.
Shrubs differ in how severely they can be cutback. Junipers do not break bud from within the plant and therefore should be trimmed lightly if you wish to keep the full shape. Overgrown junipers should be removed. On the other hand, there are certain shrubs that can be pruned back severely during the spring. Rejuvenation is the most severe type of pruning and may be used on multi-stem shrubs that have become too large with too many old branches to justify saving the younger canes. All stems are cut back to 3- to 5-inch stubs. This works well for spirea, forsythia, pyracantha, ninebark, Russian almond, sweet mock orange, shrub roses, and flowering quince. Just remember that spring is the correct time to do this, not now. (Ward Upham)

FLOWERS
Clean up Iris Beds this Fall
Iris are known for a couple of common problems: a fungus disease known as iris leaf spot and an insect named iris borer. Though both cause problems in the spring, now is the time to start control measures. Both the fungus and eggs of the borer overwinter on old, dead leaves. Remove dead leaves and cut back healthy leaves by ½ this fall to reduce populations of these pests. Also remove other garden debris from the iris bed. This can significantly cut down on problems next spring. (Ward Upham)

MISCELLANEOUS
Fall is a Good Time for Soil Testing
Though we often think of soil testing as a spring chore, fall can actually be a better time. Soil-testing laboratories are often very busy during the spring resulting in a longer turnaround from submission to recommendations. Also, soils in the spring are often waterlogged, making taking samples difficult. If your soil test suggests more organic matter, fall is a much better season because materials are more available than in the spring (tree leaves), and fresher materials can be used without harming young tender spring-planted plants.

Begin by taking a representative sample from at least six locations in the garden or lawn. Each sample should contain soil from the surface to about 6 to 8 inches deep. This is most easily done with a soil sampler. Many K-State Research and Extension offices have such samplers available for checkout. If you don’t have a sampler, use a shovel to dig straight down into the soil. Then shave a small layer off the back of the hole for your sample. Mix the samples together in a clean plastic container and select about 1 to 1.5 cups of soil. This can be placed in a plastic container such as a resealable plastic bag.
Take the soil to your county extension office to have tests done for a small charge at the K-State soil-testing laboratory. A soil test determines fertility problems, not other conditions that may exist such as poor drainage, poor soil structure, soil borne diseases or insects, chemical contaminants or damage, or shade with root competition from other plants. All of these conditions may reduce plant performance but cannot be evaluated by a soil test. (Ward Upham)

Seed Stratification for Trees
Gardeners sometimes want to grow trees such as sugar maples, oaks and sycamores from seed. However, most woody plants produce seed that will not germinate immediately after harvest. Normally this is because of one of three reasons:
– Seed is immature and needs more time to develop;
– A mechanical barrier is keeping water from reaching the seed;
– A physiological block is inhibiting germination.
If the problem in only immature seed, the answer is simple. The seed simply needs time to complete development and does not require special treatment.
However, if the problem is a mechanical barrier or physiological block, the answer isn’t so simple. The mechanical barrier and/or physiological block require special treatments to prepare the seed for germination. One such treatment is stratification. Stratification is a process whereby seed is given the moisture and temperature conditions normally found in its natural environment during the fall and winter. Seeds that are shed in early fall often require a warm, moist stratification period before the seed will germinate. Those that drop later in the fall may respond to cool, moist conditions. In Kansas, the most common stratification needed is the cool, moist type. The amount of time required for stratification varies with the plant species. For example, red oak needs 30 to 45 days and sugar maple should have 60 to 90 days. These species require cool, moist conditions. If unsure of the amount of time required for a specific species, 3 to 4 months usually is sufficient.
For cool stratification, temperatures just above freezing are best, with a range between 35 and 45 degrees considered ideal. Temperatures higher and lower than this are less effective. The minimum temperature at which stratification occurs is reported to be 23 degrees, and the maximum is 62 degrees.
Stratification should be done in a medium that is moist but not soggy. If there is too little moisture, the seed coat does not take up the water needed. Too much reduces the amount of oxygen available to the seed. If peat moss is used, a ratio of 1 or 1 1/4 parts water to 1 part air-dried peat moss by weight is recommended. When wetting peat moss, use warm water, which is absorbed more quickly than cold.
Small amounts of seed can be stratified by placing the seed in moist peat moss inside a plastic bag and placing the bag in the refrigerator. Small seeds can be placed between two sheets of cheesecloth so they are not lost in the medium. Larger amounts of seed can be placed in a plastic container or wooden box. Place layers of seed between layers of moist sand or a mixture of sand and peat moss. Bury the container outside so the top is even with the soil surface, and cover with leaves or straw. Alternatively, the container may be placed in an unheated garage or root cellar. (Ward Upham)

Using Silt from a Pond
Some people have cleaned out farm ponds this year as they were dry from the drought. So what do you do with the silt? It can be used as fill, of course, but is it OK for growing plants? Pond silt has a couple of problems in regard to plant growth. The first is that all soil structure has been destroyed. In other words the soil has collapsed so that there are very few large pores to allow water to soak in quickly or for oxygen to penetrate deeply into the soil.
So how do we rebuild soil structure? We rebuild it by adding organic matter. Actually it is the gums and glues given off by microorganisms as they break down organic matter that gives soil better structure. If possible, add organic matter now if you wish to plant next spring. Sources of organic matter would include old rotten hay, rotted silage, leaf mold and peat moss. Add 2 inches of this material to the surface of the soil and mix it in.
The second problem with this soil is a lack of nutrients. Add a complete, balanced fertilizer to the soil and till it in before planting. Shoot for about 1 pound of actual nitrogen per 1000 square feet. For example, add 7.5 pounds of a 13-13-13 per 1000 square feet. (Ward Upham)

Contributors: Ward Upham, Extension Associate

Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources
1712 Claflin, 2021 Throckmorton
Manhattan, KS 66506
(785) 532-6173

For questions or further information, contact: [email protected] OR [email protected]
This newsletter is also available on the World Wide Web at:
http://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html
The web version includes color images that illustrate subjects discussed. To subscribe to this newsletter electronically, send an e-mail message to [email protected] or [email protected] listing your e-mail address in the message.

Brand names appearing in this newsletter are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.

K-State Research and Extension is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. If you have special requirements due to a physical, vision or hearing disability, or a dietary restriction please contact Extension Horticulture at (785) 532-6173.

Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, as amended. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating, Ernie Minton, Dean.

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